前面分析了memblock算法、内核页表的建立、内存管理框架的构建,这些都是x86处理的setup_arch()函数里面初始化的,因地制宜,具有明显处理器的特征。而start_kernel()接下来的初始化则是linux通用的内存管理算法框架了。
build_all_zonelists()用来初始化内存分配器使用的存储节点中的管理区链表,是为内存管理算法(伙伴管理算法)做准备工作的。具体实现:
【file:/mm/page_alloc.c】 /* * Called with zonelists_mutex held always * unless system_state == SYSTEM_BOOTING. */ void __ref build_all_zonelists(pg_data_t *pgdat, struct zone *zone) { set_zonelist_order(); if (system_state == SYSTEM_BOOTING) { __build_all_zonelists(NULL); mminit_verify_zonelist(); cpuset_init_current_mems_allowed(); } else { #ifdef CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTPLUG if (zone) setup_zone_pageset(zone); #endif /* we have to stop all cpus to guarantee there is no user of zonelist */ stop_machine(__build_all_zonelists, pgdat, NULL); /* cpuset refresh routine should be here */ } vm_total_pages = nr_free_pagecache_pages(); /* * Disable grouping by mobility if the number of pages in the * system is too low to allow the mechanism to work. It would be * more accurate, but expensive to check per-zone. This check is * made on memory-hotadd so a system can start with mobility * disabled and enable it later */ if (vm_total_pages < (pageblock_nr_pages * MIGRATE_TYPES)) page_group_by_mobility_disabled = 1; else page_group_by_mobility_disabled = 0; printk("Built %i zonelists in %s order, mobility grouping %s. " "Total pages: %ld\n", nr_online_nodes, zonelist_order_name[current_zonelist_order], page_group_by_mobility_disabled ? "off" : "on", vm_total_pages); #ifdef CONFIG_NUMA printk("Policy zone: %s\n", zone_names[policy_zone]); #endif }
首先看到set_zonelist_order():
【file:/mm/page_alloc.c】 static void set_zonelist_order(void) { current_zonelist_order = ZONELIST_ORDER_ZONE; }
此处用于设置zonelist的顺序,ZONELIST_ORDER_ZONE用于表示顺序(-zonetype, [node] distance),另外还有ZONELIST_ORDER_NODE表示顺序([node] distance, -zonetype)。但其仅限于对NUMA环境存在区别,非NUMA环境则毫无差异。
如果系统状态system_state为SYSTEM_BOOTING,系统状态只有在start_kernel执行到最后一个函数rest_init后,才会进入SYSTEM_RUNNING,于是初始化时将会接着是__build_all_zonelists()函数:
【file:/mm/page_alloc.c】 /* return values int ....just for stop_machine() */ static int __build_all_zonelists(void *data) { int nid; int cpu; pg_data_t *self = data; #ifdef CONFIG_NUMA memset(node_load, 0, sizeof(node_load)); #endif if (self && !node_online(self->node_id)) { build_zonelists(self); build_zonelist_cache(self); } for_each_online_node(nid) { pg_data_t *pgdat = NODE_DATA(nid); build_zonelists(pgdat); build_zonelist_cache(pgdat); } /* * Initialize the boot_pagesets that are going to be used * for bootstrapping processors. The real pagesets for * each zone will be allocated later when the per cpu * allocator is available. * * boot_pagesets are used also for bootstrapping offline * cpus if the system is already booted because the pagesets * are needed to initialize allocators on a specific cpu too. * F.e. the percpu allocator needs the page allocator which * needs the percpu allocator in order to allocate its pagesets * (a chicken-egg dilemma). */ for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) { setup_pageset(&per_cpu(boot_pageset, cpu), 0); #ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_MEMORYLESS_NODES /* * We now know the "local memory node" for each node-- * i.e., the node of the first zone in the generic zonelist. * Set up numa_mem percpu variable for on-line cpus. During * boot, only the boot cpu should be on-line; we'll init the * secondary cpus' numa_mem as they come on-line. During * node/memory hotplug, we'll fixup all on-line cpus. */ if (cpu_online(cpu)) set_cpu_numa_mem(cpu, local_memory_node(cpu_to_node(cpu))); #endif } return 0; }
首先分析该函数里面调用的build_zonelists()和build_zonelist_cache()函数,其中build_zonelists():
【file:/mm/page_alloc.c】 static void build_zonelists(pg_data_t *pgdat) { int node, local_node; enum zone_type j; struct zonelist *zonelist; local_node = pgdat->node_id; zonelist = &pgdat->node_zonelists[0]; j = build_zonelists_node(pgdat, zonelist, 0); /* * Now we build the zonelist so that it contains the zones * of all the other nodes. * We don't want to pressure a particular node, so when * building the zones for node N, we make sure that the * zones coming right after the local ones are those from * node N+1 (modulo N) */ for (node = local_node + 1; node < MAX_NUMNODES; node++) { if (!node_online(node)) continue; j = build_zonelists_node(NODE_DATA(node), zonelist, j); } for (node = 0; node < local_node; node++) { if (!node_online(node)) continue; j = build_zonelists_node(NODE_DATA(node), zonelist, j); } zonelist->_zonerefs[j].zone = NULL; zonelist->_zonerefs[j].zone_idx = 0; }
其中build_zonelists_node()函数实现:
【file:/mm/page_alloc.c】 /* * Builds allocation fallback zone lists. * * Add all populated zones of a node to the zonelist. */ static int build_zonelists_node(pg_data_t *pgdat, struct zonelist *zonelist, int nr_zones) { struct zone *zone; enum zone_type zone_type = MAX_NR_ZONES; do { zone_type--; zone = pgdat->node_zones + zone_type; if (populated_zone(zone)) { zoneref_set_zone(zone, &zonelist->_zonerefs[nr_zones++]); check_highest_zone(zone_type); } } while (zone_type); return nr_zones; }
populated_zone()用于判断管理区zone的present_pages成员是否为0,如果不为0的话,表示该管理区存在页面,那么则通过zoneref_set_zone()将其设置到zonelist的_zonerefs里面,而check_highest_zone()在没有开启NUMA的情况下是个空函数。由此可以看出build_zonelists_node()实则上是按照ZONE_HIGHMEM—>ZONE_NORMAL—>ZONE_DMA的顺序去迭代排布到_zonerefs里面的,表示一个申请内存的代价由低廉到昂贵的顺序,这是一个分配内存时的备用次序。
回到build_zonelists()函数中,而它代码显示将本地的内存管理区进行分配备用次序排序,接着再是分配内存代价低于本地的,最后才是分配内存代价高于本地的。
分析完build_zonelists(),再回到__build_all_zonelists()看一下build_zonelist_cache():
【file:/mm/page_alloc.c】 /* non-NUMA variant of zonelist performance cache - just NULL zlcache_ptr */ static void build_zonelist_cache(pg_data_t *pgdat) { pgdat->node_zonelists[0].zlcache_ptr = NULL; }
该函数与CONFIG_NUMA相关,用来设置zlcache相关的成员。由于没有开启该配置,故直接设置为NULL。
基于build_all_zonelists()调用__build_all_zonelists()入参为NULL,由此可知__build_all_zonelists()运行的代码是:
for_each_online_node(nid) {
pg_data_t *pgdat = NODE_DATA(nid);
build_zonelists(pgdat);
build_zonelist_cache(pgdat);
}
主要是设置各个内存管理节点node里面各自的内存管理分区zone的内存分配次序。
__build_all_zonelists()接着的是:
for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
setup_pageset(&per_cpu(boot_pageset, cpu), 0);
#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_MEMORYLESS_NODES
if (cpu_online(cpu))
set_cpu_numa_mem(cpu, local_memory_node(cpu_to_node(cpu)));
#endif
}
其中CONFIG_HAVE_MEMORYLESS_NODES未配置,主要分析一下setup_pageset():
【file:/mm/page_alloc.c】 static void setup_pageset(struct per_cpu_pageset *p, unsigned long batch) { pageset_init(p); pageset_set_batch(p, batch); }
setup_pageset()里面调用的两个函数较为简单,就直接过一下。先是:
【file:/mm/page_alloc.c】 static void pageset_init(struct per_cpu_pageset *p) { struct per_cpu_pages *pcp; int migratetype; memset(p, 0, sizeof(*p)); pcp = &p->pcp; pcp->count = 0; for (migratetype = 0; migratetype < MIGRATE_PCPTYPES; migratetype++) INIT_LIST_HEAD(&pcp->lists[migratetype]); }
pageset_init()主要是将struct per_cpu_pages结构体进行初始化,而pageset_set_batch()则是对其进行设置。pageset_set_batch()实现:
【file:/mm/page_alloc.c】 /* * pcp->high and pcp->batch values are related and dependent on one another: * ->batch must never be higher then ->high. * The following function updates them in a safe manner without read side * locking. * * Any new users of pcp->batch and pcp->high should ensure they can cope with * those fields changing asynchronously (acording the the above rule). * * mutex_is_locked(&pcp_batch_high_lock) required when calling this function * outside of boot time (or some other assurance that no concurrent updaters * exist). */ static void pageset_update(struct per_cpu_pages *pcp, unsigned long high, unsigned long batch) { /* start with a fail safe value for batch */ pcp->batch = 1; smp_wmb(); /* Update high, then batch, in order */ pcp->high = high; smp_wmb(); pcp->batch = batch; } /* a companion to pageset_set_high() */ static void pageset_set_batch(struct per_cpu_pageset *p, unsigned long batch) { pageset_update(&p->pcp, 6 * batch, max(1UL, 1 * batch)); }
setup_pageset()函数入参p是一个struct per_cpu_pageset结构体的指针,per_cpu_pageset结构是内核的各个zone用于每CPU的页面高速缓存管理结构。该高速缓存包含一些预先分配的页面,以用于满足本地CPU发出的单一内存请求。而struct per_cpu_pages定义的pcp是该管理结构的成员,用于具体页面管理。原本是每个管理结构有两个pcp数组成员,里面的两条队列分别用于冷页面和热页面管理,而当前分析的3.14.12版本已经将两者合并起来,统一管理冷热页,热页面在队列前面,而冷页面则在队列后面。暂且先记着这么多,后续在Buddy算法的时候再详细分析了。
至此,可以知道__build_all_zonelists()是内存管理框架向后续的内存页面管理算法做准备,排布了内存管理区zone的分配次序,同时初始化了冷热页管理。
最后回到build_all_zonelists()函数。由于没有开启内存初始化调试功能CONFIG_DEBUG_MEMORY_INIT,mminit_verify_zonelist()是一个空函数。
基于CONFIG_CPUSETS配置项开启的情况下,而cpuset_init_current_mems_allowed()实现如下:
【file:/kernel/cpuset.c】 void cpuset_init_current_mems_allowed(void) { nodes_setall(current->mems_allowed); }
这里面的current 是一个cpuset的数据结构,用来管理cgroup中的任务能够使用的cpu和内存节点。而成员mems_allowed,该成员是nodemask_t类型的结构体:
【file:/include/linux/nodemask.h】 typedef struct { DECLARE_BITMAP(bits, MAX_NUMNODES); } nodemask_t;
该结构其实就是定义了一个位域,每个位对应一个内存节点,如果置1表示该节点内存可用。而nodes_setall则是将这个位域中每个位都置1。
末了看一下build_all_zonelists()里面nr_free_pagecache_pages()的实现:
【file:/mm/page_alloc.c】 /** * nr_free_pagecache_pages - count number of pages beyond high watermark * * nr_free_pagecache_pages() counts the number of pages which are beyond the * high watermark within all zones. */ unsigned long nr_free_pagecache_pages(void) { return nr_free_zone_pages(gfp_zone(GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE)); }
而里面调用的nr_free_zone_pages()实现为:
【file:/mm/page_alloc.c】 /** * nr_free_zone_pages - count number of pages beyond high watermark * @offset: The zone index of the highest zone * * nr_free_zone_pages() counts the number of counts pages which are beyond the * high watermark within all zones at or below a given zone index. For each * zone, the number of pages is calculated as: * managed_pages - high_pages */ static unsigned long nr_free_zone_pages(int offset) { struct zoneref *z; struct zone *zone; /* Just pick one node, since fallback list is circular */ unsigned long sum = 0; struct zonelist *zonelist = node_zonelist(numa_node_id(), GFP_KERNEL); for_each_zone_zonelist(zone, z, zonelist, offset) { unsigned long size = zone->managed_pages; unsigned long high = high_wmark_pages(zone); if (size > high) sum += size - high; } return sum; }
可以看到nr_free_zone_pages()遍历所有内存管理区并将各管理区的内存空间求和,其实质是用于统计所有的管理区可以用于分配的内存页面数。
接着在build_all_zonelists()后面则是判断当前系统中的内存页框数目,以决定是否启用流动分组机制(Mobility Grouping),该机制可以在分配大内存块时减少内存碎片。通常只有内存足够大时才会启用该功能,否则将会提升消耗降低性能。其中pageblock_nr_pages表示伙伴系统中的最高阶页块所能包含的页面数。
至此,内存管理框架算法基本准备完毕。
而接着的page_alloc_init()实现:
【file:/mm/page_alloc.c】 void __init page_alloc_init(void) { hotcpu_notifier(page_alloc_cpu_notify, 0); }
其中hotcpu_notifier是一个宏定义:
【file:/include/linux/cpu.h】 #define hotcpu_notifier(fn, pri) cpu_notifier(fn, pri)
它仅当CONFIG_HOTPLUG_CPU配置开启时,有以上的定义,用于对每个CPU的通告作用。展开如下:
【file:/include/linux/cpu.h】 #define cpu_notifier(fn, pri) { \ static struct notifier_block fn##_nb = \ { .notifier_call = fn, .priority = pri }; \ register_cpu_notifier(&fn##_nb); \ }
如果没有定义CONFIG_HOTPLUG_CPU时,则为:
【file:/include/linux/cpu.h】 #define hotcpu_notifier(fn, pri) do { (void)(fn); } while (0)
无任何功能作用。